Django国际化
Django 提供了强大的国际化 (i18n) 和本地化 (l10n) 支持，让开发者能够轻松创建多语言网站。1、核心概念与配置
1.1 基本配置
在 settings.py中启用国际化支持：
# settings.py
# 启用国际化
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True# 本地化格式（数字、日期等）
USE_TZ = True # 时区支持
# 支持的语言
LANGUAGES = [
('en', 'English'),
('zh-hans', '简体中文'),
]
# 默认语言
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en'
# 翻译文件位置
LOCALE_PATHS = [
os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'locale'),
]
# 中间件配置（确保顺序正确）
MIDDLEWARE = [
# ...
'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware',# 在SessionMiddleware之后，CommonMiddleware之前
# ...
]1.2 项目结构建议
my_project/
├── locale/ # 翻译文件目录
│ ├── en/
│ │ └── LC_MESSAGES/
│ │ ├── django.po
│ │ └── django.mo
│ ├── zh_Hans/
│ └── ja/
├── templates/
│ ├── base.html
│ └── includes/
│ └── language_switcher.html
├── my_app/
│ ├── locale/ # 应用特定翻译（可选）
│ └── views.py
└── manage.py2、模板中的国际化
{% load i18n %}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="{{ request.LANGUAGE_CODE }}">
<head>
<title>{% trans "Welcome to our site" %}</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>{% trans "Hello, World!" %}</h1>
{# 带变量的翻译 #}
<p>{% blocktrans with name=user.name %}Hello, {{ name }}!{% endblocktrans %}</p>
{# 复数形式 #}
<p>
{% blocktrans count counter=item_count %}
You have {{ counter }} item.
{% plural %}
You have {{ counter }} items.
{% endblocktrans %}
</p>
</body>
</html>3、Python 代码中的国际化
3.1 视图和模型中的翻译
# views.py
from django.utils.translation import gettext as _
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy, ngettext
from django.http import JsonResponse
from django.shortcuts import render
def welcome_view(request):
# 简单翻译
message = _("Welcome to our application")
# 带变量的翻译
username = request.user.username
greeting = _("Hello, %(username)s") % {'username': username}
# 复数形式
item_count = 5
items_message = ngettext(
"You have %(count)d item",
"You have %(count)d items",
item_count
) % {'count': item_count}
return render(request, 'welcome.html', {
'message': message,
'greeting': greeting,
'items_message': items_message
})
# API响应国际化
def api_view(request):
return JsonResponse({
'message': _("Operation completed successfully"),
'error': _("Invalid input provided")
})
# models.py
from django.db import models
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
class Product(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(_("Product name"), max_length=100)
description = models.TextField(_("Product description"))
class Meta:
verbose_name = _("Product")
verbose_name_plural = _("Products")
def __str__(self):
return _("Product: %(name)s") % {'name': self.name}3.2 表单和验证错误
# forms.py
from django import forms
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
from django.core.validators import ValidationError
class ContactForm(forms.Form):
name = forms.CharField(label=_("Your name"))
email = forms.EmailField(label=_("Email address"))
message = forms.CharField(
label=_("Message"),
widget=forms.Textarea,
error_messages={
'required': _("Please enter your message")
}
)
def clean_email(self):
email = self.cleaned_data.get('email')
if not email.endswith('.com'):
raise ValidationError(_("Email must be from a .com domain"))
return email
# 表单级别的错误消息
def clean(self):
cleaned_data = super().clean()
# 自定义验证逻辑
if cleaned_data.get('name') == cleaned_data.get('email'):
raise ValidationError(_("Name and email cannot be the same"))4、翻译文件
4.1 .po 文件
# locale/zh_Hans/LC_MESSAGES/django.po
# 清晰的注释说明上下文
#. This message appears on the homepage banner
msgid "Welcome to our site"
msgstr "欢迎访问我们的网站"
# 带变量的翻译
msgid "Hello, %(username)s"
msgstr "你好，%(username)s"
# 复数形式
msgid "You have %(count)d item"
msgid_plural "You have %(count)d items"
msgstr "您有 %(count)d 个项目"
msgstr "您有 %(count)d 个项目"
# 包含开发者注释
# Translators: This message appears in the email subject
msgid "Password reset request"
msgstr "密码重置请求"4.2 提取和编译翻译
# windows需要先安装gettext
django-admin makemessages -l zh_Hans# 简体中文
django-admin makemessages -l en
# 编译翻译文件
django-admin compilemessages
# 查看所有支持的语言
python manage.py show_languag
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